西汉帝陵

　　汉阳陵位于今陕西省咸阳市渭城区正阳镇张家湾、后沟村北的咸阳原上，地理坐标为北纬34°26′18″～34°27′11″，东经108°55′42″～109°1′5″，海拔355～440米。陵园地跨咸阳市渭城区、泾阳县，西安市高陵县三县区，占地约20平方公里，北濒泾水，南越渭河与汉长安城相望，东部是风景秀丽的“泾渭之会”，西部紧邻汉高祖长陵。陵园南距西安22公里，西距西安咸阳国际机场20公里、咸阳市30公里。2001年6月25日，国务院公布汉阳陵为第五批全国重点文物保护单位。
　　阳陵陵园平面呈不规则长方形，东西长近7公里，南北宽1～3公里，面积20平方公里，由帝陵、后陵、南北区从葬坑、刑徒墓地、陵庙等礼制建筑，陪葬墓及阳陵邑等部分组成。帝陵座西面东，居于陵园的中部偏西；后陵、南区从葬坑、北区从葬坑、一号建筑基址等距分布于帝陵四角；嫔妃葬墓和德阳庙位于帝陵南北两侧，左右对称；刑徒墓地及三处建筑遗址在帝陵西侧，南北一字排列；陪葬墓园棋盘状分布于帝陵东部的司马道两侧；阳陵邑则设置在陵园的东端。共发掘出土各类文物10万余件，文物已全部按照发掘年度、发掘地点、发掘单位、出土层位等统一编号，登记造册，集中存放。
　　一、价值评估
　　1.汉阳陵规模宏大，布局完整，结构严谨，是我国目前已探明的最为完整的西汉帝陵。
　　2.汉阳陵考古确认了西汉帝陵坐西面东，解决了学术界关于汉陵墓制是面南还是面东这一长期争论不休的难题，为研究汉代帝陵制度乃至中国古代陵寝制度提供了重要的资料。
　　3.在汉阳陵帝、后陵陵园以内，封土四周发现了大批外藏坑，其文物种类之多，内涵之丰富，为前所罕见，全面地展现了汉代社会生活场景，为研究汉代历史文化提供了重要的资料。
　　4.汉阳陵“罗经石”遗址中心的“罗经石”可能是古代测量标石。“罗经石”建筑遗址地势高亢、布局规整、规模宏大，从出土的文物判断，可能是重要的汉代礼制性建筑。其钻探和发掘对研究中国古代测绘技术、建筑史和汉代祭祀礼仪等有重要作用。
　　5.汉阳陵陪葬墓园围沟完整、布局严谨、数量众多、排列有序，为研究汉陵陪葬制度提供了不可多得的资料和线索，对帝陵陵制研究具有重要学术意义。
　　6.阳陵邑是目前西汉帝陵中发现规模宏大的中小城市遗址，为研究中国古代陵邑的起源、发展和演变，研究中国古代中小城镇历史提供了一定依据。
　　二、遗址区现状
　　(一)保存现状
　　汉阳陵自修建到西汉晚期一直有专门机构及人员进行管理，到西汉末年遭到绿林、赤眉起义军的严重盗掘，陵墓、外藏坑被盗，建筑几乎全部损毁。而后或有帝王及大臣对其进行管理养护，但整个陵园的规模和建筑一直未能恢复，大部分土地变成农田。东汉末年及唐代末年，陵墓又遭到不同程度的破坏。
　　由于自然和认为因素的破坏，陵园内的大部分陪葬墓冢被夷为平地。西—铜高速公路、西—韩铁路、机场专用道路的修建，致使陵区遗址被分割成几部分，遗址的完整性被破坏；西安经济开发区·泾河工业园区的建设和当地农民建房，占用了阳陵陪葬墓园和阳陵邑的大部分土地，造成大面积遗址被侵占。
　　1998年文物部门在陵区重点区域征用土地2894亩，专门用于文物保护，加上原有土地，现在汉阳陵博物馆保护用地超过了3000亩。
　　(二)展示现状
　　汉阳陵具有丰富的文物资源，优越的地理位置和便利的交通条件，遗址本身具有良好的展示环境与充足的展示资源。汉阳陵现用于展示的总面积为22576㎡，已建成的文物保护和展示工程有：南区8号从葬坑保护示范工程、帝陵南阙门遗址保护工程、帝陵外藏坑保护展示厅、祭祀建筑遗址保护展示工程、汉阳陵考古陈列馆、司马道标识绿化工程等。
　　参观人数和旅游收入总体上逐年增加，特别是2006年4月帝陵外藏坑保护展示厅的开放后，游客人数大幅增长，经济收入也急速增长。但运营管理能力和游客服务设施没有相应的跟上，旅游压力和文物保护压力加大，给汉阳陵的保护管理造成了困难。且遗址区在整体环境上缺乏规划指导，各参观点距离较远，展示分区、展示线路、展示内容、展示设施缺乏系统性。
　　(三)管理现状
　　汉阳陵现有的管理机构为汉阳陵博物馆，为陕西省文物局直属事业单位。目前遗址区内未公布相关法规与条例。
　　(四)基础设施现状
　　1999年10月1日，汉阳陵考古陈列馆建成对外开放以来，汉阳陵陵区道路均采用沙石铺设，这有效地保持了汉阳陵古朴沧桑的环境风貌，但易扬尘，给参观带来很大影响。且遗址区主入口设在西安至机场的专用公路上，既不利于游人徒步参观，又容易发生危险。入口处标志也不明显，区内道路格局和走向缺乏规划设计，应急道路不足。
　　汉阳陵建馆以来主要靠机井给水，排水采用渗坑，二者都对遗址有不利影响。电由高陵县引入，一路供电，无法满足汉阳陵大遗址博物馆的发展需要。休息亭、公厕、电瓶车站、电话亭、垃圾箱、音箱、灯箱缺乏，无法满足游客要求。
　　(五)研究现状
　　考古研究成果基本到位。但对形制、群体布局、历史年代等问题研究还比较欠缺，遗址保护研究缺失，专业管理人员缺乏，办公、文物库房面积明显不足。
　　三、遗址破坏现象与破坏因素分析
　　(一)遗址破坏现象
　　1.毁坏：因盗掘、基本建设及农业耕作、灌溉，对遗址造成的直接毁灭性破坏。
　　2.侵蚀：在自然风雨的作用下，所有自然外露的遗址表面，都存在严重的侵蚀现象。
　　3.颓圮：在自然与人为力量的双重作用下，绝大多数建筑物上部结构已毁，仅存基址；墓冢上部封土滑塌变形。
　　4.裂隙、断裂：因土方挪移或温湿度变化，造成遗址出现深度、宽度不等、方向不一的裂隙。外藏坑遗址坑壁和陵园排水渠均存有此类问题。
　　5.剥落、崩塌：有两种情况。一是因人为盗掘造成遗址局部失稳、剥落、倒塌。二是当遗址裂隙或断裂发展到一定的程度，发生剥落、崩坍。
　　6.占压：城乡建设、道路交通建设占压遗址。
　　7.剥蚀：因温、湿度的物理变化或某种化学变化作用，造成各类文物表面褪色、生锈、与主体脱离剥落等。
　　8.腐朽：漆木器、纺织品、谷物、骨骼等有机质文物均有不同程度的腐坏。
　　(二)破坏因素
　　根据阳陵遗址、文物的现状分析，造成破坏的主要因素如下：
　　1.自然风蚀、雨侵、水融、温湿度变化、鼠穴——对土遗址和文物最为普遍的损毁。
　　2.盗掘——自汉代开始到现代的多次盗掘。
　　3.农田平整——农民为方便耕作而平整土地，造成遗址的严重破坏和大量墓冢、建筑基址的消失。
　　4.农田水利——主要是南支渠及其斗渠灌溉水流的冲刷和积淤对遗址的破坏。尤其是南支渠，穿过公主墓园区及陵园保护范围，对遗址安全造成威胁。
　　5.基本建设——机场专用公路靠近陵体自东向西穿过陵园，将文物遗址最集中的区域划分为南北两个部分；西韩铁路南北嵌式通过，破坏和隔断了司马道；西铜高速公路南北跨越陵园，将陵园明显划分为东西两部分。泾河工业园区及部分村落的建设占用了陪葬墓园和阳陵邑的大部分土地，造成遗址的大面积破坏。
　　四、规划内容
　　(一)规划原则
　　1.贯彻“有效保护、合理利用，加强管理”的基本原则。
　　2.保护遗存本体及其相关历史环境的完整性、真实性和延续性。
　　3.非物质文化遗产保护与物质文化遗产保护相结合。
　　4.以人为本的原则：关注人们不断发展的需求，创造良好的参观环境。
　　5.近远期结合的原则：兼顾不同发展阶段，保证发展与实施的分阶段相对独立的完整性和连续性，并使规划有一定的弹性和灵活性。
　　(二)规划目标
　　1.营造汉阳陵考古遗址博物馆，为汉阳陵文物遗址的永久性保存提供良好环境及必要的管理、保护、服务设施条件。
　　2.在保护的前提下，使文物遗址通过合理的开放展示与积极的科学研究，向社会公众充分展现其所具有的历史文化价值。
　　3.促进相关的学术研究，并由此而获得与遗址自身价值相对应的社会效益与经济效益。
　　(三)规划策略
　　1.保护措施对策：从汉阳陵遗址保护面临的问题出发，以保护科学研究为先导，区别各个遗址的保存状况，以最小的扰动，达到最好的保护与展示效果。
　　2.环境规划对策：以保护遗址独特属性---陵园的环境风貌为前提，提出合理的生态环境保护措施。
　　3.保护利用对策：针对汉阳陵遗址和出土文物的等各自所拥有独特的文化特性和自然风貌，合理制定展示体系和内容，规范保护利用工作。
　　4.研究对策：充分发掘前人研究的基础上，有重点的提出未来该项工作的基本框架。
　　5.保障体系对策：健全保障体系的规章制度，加强机构建设，完善管理职能，提升管理手段。
　　(四)主要规划内容
　　1.保护区划
　　在公布文物保护区划的基础上，科学界定保护区划，明确各区功能，制订管理要求要求。公布的保护范围边界应落实界标和标志牌，界标沿保护范围每拐点设置一块，直线大于50—100米设置一块。
　　2.保护措施规划
　　(1)围墙围护
　　设置长12137.22米，高2米的标准防护围墙，围墙形式应与遗址整体环境相协调，围墙制造要满足强度安全、视线通透、造型简洁、色彩和谐的要求。
　　(2)地上遗址保护
　　遗址集中区域必须系统设置组织排水系统，阻止文物区内地表径流和暴雨的冲刷。
　　(3)地下遗址保护
　　保护地下遗存，限制扰土深度。限制保护范围内的植被品种，要求其根系深度不得超过扰土深度限制值50厘米。地下遗址的保护均应建立日常监测、维护制度，并针对较为严重的问题制定专项保护工程方案。
　　(4)保护出土文物
　　加强出土文物的保护技术研究，减缓文物的损毁速度。建设遗址博物馆，安全有效保存和管理、展示可移动文物。
　　(5)日常监测
　　日常监测包括环境监测，边坡稳定性监测，渗透水与凝结水监测，保护工程后续检测，游人容量监测等。监测工作要进一步制度化、系统化、科学化。所有监测项目均应在分析的基础上，定期编制监测报告。
　　(6)安防与应急预案
　　建立现代化安防预警系统，提高防范能力。对相对价值较高的遗址周围铺设地波探测装置，进行24小时全天候监控。
　　修订和完善全套安全防范管理措施，制定应对突发事件专项应急预案，应急预案内容应包括应对各种突发破坏情况发生，提升应急预警能力等。
　　3.环境规划
　　(1)环境保护措施
　　建立垃圾处理系统，规划范围内禁止随意倾倒、堆积任何类型的固(液)体废弃物，禁止建设有可能造成环境污染的建筑。
　　按照环境评估项目全面开展自然环境质量监测，内容包括：空气质量、地表水和地下水质量、土壤质量等。
　　(2)环境整治
　　迁移保护范围内所有现代坟墓，拆除遗址公园范围内所有非保护性建筑物，清理基础，恢复植被绿化或耕地。对不符合保护要求的建筑物进行改造或维修。基础设施管线沿展示道路埋地敷设，新建基础设施建设应满足整体环境的和谐性。
　　4.利用规划
　　(1)分区展示
　　①功能服务区及入口区：地标构筑物、停车场、问讯、医疗、电讯、卫生间、存包、讲解等公共设施；
　　②陵区：该区域集中展示汉阳陵格局、出土文物、地上地下文物实体及非物质文化遗产。主要展示区，帝陵、后陵、公主墓、嫔妃墓、帝陵外藏坑遗址保护展示厅、汉阳陵大遗址综合馆、帝后陵陵墙、阙门展示，标识、司马道标识等集中展示汉阳陵的文物；
　　③陵苑区：以祭祀建筑遗址展示为主，刑徒墓地、南北从葬坑、建筑遗址等地面标识展示。地下建筑遗址进行原位标识展示，局部辅以现代化的展示手段进行实物展示；在规划范围的西部设置模拟考古基地，吸引公众参与；生态环境的研究和修复。
　　④管理区：设置汉阳陵遗址文化研究中心，完善办公用房和文物库房等设施。展示以现代手段为主，通过声、光、点等高科技手段展示汉阳陵的价值内涵。
　　(2)展示线路
　　停车场——入口标志建筑(石阙)——电瓶车场——司马道——廊桥(检票口)——后陵——帝陵——帝陵外藏坑遗址保护厅——生态广场——综合博物馆——妃子墓——公主墓——刑徒墓地——模拟考古基地——建筑遗址——祭祀建筑遗址——考古陈列馆——廊桥(出口)——停车场
　　(3)开放容量控制
　　以汉阳陵帝陵外藏坑遗址保护展示厅卡口法进行容量计算，按平均每批900人，滞留时间40分钟，每天开放时间8小时计算，每天最大游客容量控制在10800人左右。根据每日最大游客容量以及适合旅游的气候条件，同时参考国内类似墓葬展示，游客容量控制水平，每年最大游客容量控制在10800×240＝2592000人左右。
　　5.管理规划
　　(1)管理机构
　　建立统一的管理机构汉阳陵遗址文物保护管理处，管理处要定编、定岗、定人。加强专业技术人员的力量配备，提高文物建档、保管、保护、展示、信息传播和科考研究的水平，其中专业技术人员要占50％左右为宜。
　　(2)安全保卫
　　各展示区应配置全天候专职保护管理人员，定期(如平时1个月、旺季2周)进行全面检查，并指派专人每天至少巡视4次。展示区以外的遗址点应根据具体情况设专人作日常重点巡视。
　　(3)交通管理
　　各遗址点设置电瓶车停靠点，游客参观以电瓶车为主，到遗址点后步行参观。内部交通车辆应有专人统一管理、调度。办公和管理用车通过主入口进入园区后，沿专线进入管理区域，除在应急状态下管理用车可以进入其他区域外，任何时候都禁止通行。
　　(4)工商管理
　　汉阳陵遗址区禁止私设摊贩，以及任何与遗址环境氛围不符的商业活动；禁止私设交通工具进行搭载游客的活动；未经许可，不得在遗址内私设带有营利目的的摄影点。
　　(5)管理用房
　　新建管理用房面积约3000平米，主要为资料、办公、档案室、会议室、标本室、文物库房等。
　　6.基础实施改造规划
　　(1)道路调整
　　根据地形和遗址点的分布，组织环形闭合展示流线，串联起入口区、陵墓区、陵苑区、遗址区、遗址展示点。在环形闭合展示线路上，各节点亦采用环形闭合展示路线，方便参观者对参观内容的选择。取消没有利用价值和不符合景观要求的道路，恢复自然植被绿化。
　　主道路和次道路构成主要道路网，宽度分别为7米和4米，均需满足消防安全要求。辅路宽度为3米，作为游客参观步行通道。主入口结合西铜高速出口设计，设在园区的东面，以便于衔接；次入口设置在园区南面，作为应急和施工出入口。
　　规划范围内道路交通方式以步行、电瓶车、自行车为主，同时考虑考古工作、管理工作和旅游服务的需要。
　　(2)给排水系统
　　生活给水和消防给水分两路由城市管网按入。
　　雨水排放根据区域位置直接排放至渭河或排至草坪。生活污水排至化粪池内，化粪池根据厕所位置设两座，各15立方米。污水经处理达到国家排放标准后，排入城市管网。
　　(3)电力电信系统
　　电力、照明充分利用现有电网，保证文物点的供电。远期考虑电源由城市区域供电所两路引入；所有线路地埋。
　　遗址区内电信线路埋地，区域内铺设安装宽带网络；无线通讯发射塔须按照景观环境要求布置，不得破坏景观。
　　(4)消防设施
　　近期建设消防水池，完善消防设备、人员、制度，远期应建立专职消防站。在建构筑物的相关部位安装防雷装置。
　　7.考古研究规划
　　(1)考古规划
　　目前把考古工作的重点放在加强对遗址周边地区的考古调查、勘探方面。根据现状条件，尽可能探明汉阳陵墓群的分布延伸范围和地下遗存基本情况，完善测绘图纸，为文物保护和展示工程提供详实的专业依据。
　　(2)研究计划
　　目前的研究工作应主要放在考古研究方面，主要包括内容：整理出版考古发掘成果，对已发掘墓葬的考古成果和考古探查报告进行系统整理，指导下一步考古和研究活动；开展相关历史背景和考古资料，整体陵园结构、建筑形制、礼制制度等研究、为科学认知汉阳陵的文物价值、遗产性质和遗产构成提供研究基础；开展文物保护专项技术研究、文物保存适当环境和控制技术研究、模拟文物历史保存环境研究等，为更好的保护汉阳陵文物提供数据支持；开展学术交流，继续组织开展汉阳陵墓群及相关学术问题研究，深化遗址文化价值研。
　　五、小结
　　本次规划在对遗址区现状详细调查分析的基础上，科学划定保护区划，制定了保护措施规划、环境规划、利用规划、管理规划、基础设施改造规划和考古研究规划，基本满足了汉阳陵真实性，完整性和可持续性保护的需要。本次规划运用了统筹规划、分步实施的原则，使规划既有科学性，又有可行性和超前性，完全符合《全国重点文物保护单位保护规划编制要求》的规定。同时，在切实保护好遗址的前提下，充分考虑了旅游开发的实际需要，此举也与中国文物工作“保护为主，合理利用”方针的精神实质相一致。
　　Research on the Conversation Program of Han Yangling Mausoleum
　　Zhou Ping(Xi'an Center for the Preservation and Restoration of cultural Heritage)
　　Situated on the Xian'yang Plateau in the Hougou Village of Xian'yang City,Shaanxi Province,Han Yangling Museum's geographical coordinates are 34°26′18″～34°27′11″at south latitude,108°55′42″～109°1′5″at eastern longitude,and 355～440 meters above sea level.Spanning across Weicheng District and Jingyang County in Xian'yang City and Gaoling County in Xi'an City,Han Yangling Mausoleum Complex(HYMC)covers an area of 20sqkm with Jing River in the north,Wei River in the south,converging place of two rivers in the east and Changling Mausoleum of Emperor Gaozu in the west.Han Yangling is located about 22km north of Xi'an city,20km west of Xian'yang International Airport and 30km west of Xian'yang City.On 25th,Jun 2001,Han Yangling mausoleum was designated under state protection.
　　The complex is rectangular in shape,measuring about 7km from east to west and 1 to 3km from south to north.The complex is mainly composed of the Emperor and Empress' graveyards,southern and northern burial pits,ritual constructions,the satellite and criminal's graveyards,and ancient Yangling mausoleum town.Located in the center but a little bit to the west,the Emperor's mausoleum is facing to the east.The Empress's mausoleum,southern and northern burial pits,and No.1 construction site are located at four corners of the complex.The concubines' tombs and De Yang palace(ritual construction)are situated sym-metrical to the north and south of Emperor's mausoleum.The criminal's graveyards and three areas of con-struction ruins are arranged in a line to the west of Emperor's mausoleum.Situated to the east of the complex,the satellite graveyards were arranged on both sides of the Sacred Way in a chessboard design.The ancient Yangling mausoleum town lies in the east of the complex.The relics unearthed so far reach 100,000 pieces,which have been numbered according to their unearthed time,place,stratum,excavation institute etc,re-gistered and stored.
　　Ⅰ.Value Assessment
　　1.The complex enjoys a large scale,complete layout and strict structure,making it the most well-preserved royal mausoleums of the Western Han Dynasty known by now.
　　2.The excavation work of HYMC has proved that the royal mausoleums of the Han Dynasty are facing east,which has settled the long dispute about the direction of the Han tomb chambers and provided important information for the study of the royal tomb structures in the Han Dynasty,even for the study of ancient mau-soleum systems in China.
　　3.Large areas of secondary burial pits have been found near the Emperor and Empress's mausoleum.The relics unearthed are various in kinds,rich in connotation,which are considerably unique compared with the previous discoveries.They reflect the vivid social life in the Han dynasty and provide important documents for the research of the Han Culture.
　　4.The“Luojing Stone”in the center of the Luojing Ruins of HYMC is thought to be the ancient compass stone.The Luojing Stone Ruins was built on the high terrain and has an intact layout and large scale.From the relics unearthed from the ruins,archaeologist deduced that it is an important ritual construction.The exploration and excavation of the ruins have a great impact on the research of ancient mapping technologies,the construction history and ritual etiquettes of the Han Dynasty.
　　5. The complete ditches around the wall of the HYMC,the strict layout,the great quantity and the orderly arrangement provide priceless documents and clues for the research of satellite systems of the Han Mausoleum.
　　6.The ruins of ancient Yangling Mausoleum Town is important evidence for the research of the origin,development and evolution of the ancient Chinese town.
　　Ⅱ.The present situation of the site
　　1.The present situation of the protection
　　HYMC has been under strict management by special workers from the day it was built till the late West-ern Han Dynasty;However,the burial pits was robbed,the tomb was seriously damaged and the building was tumbled down by Lvling and Chimei Rebellion Teams in the end of the Western Han Dynasty.Even though the emperors and commanders of later generations did some restoration work towards the mausoleum complex,the scale and constructions of the whole mausoleum can't be resumed.Many land turned into fields.In the late Eastern Han and Tang Dynasty,the complex was damaged to some extents.
　　Due to the damages of natural elements and belief influence,most mounds in the complex have been leveled to the ground.In recent decades,due to city construction plans,the complex was divided into many parts by newly built Xi Tong Expressway,Xi Han Railway and Airport Highway.Also the construction of Jing River Industry District and the house-building by local farmers have occupied many mausoleum sites,resulting in extensive damages.
　　In 1998,3000 acreage site land have been requisitioned by the government for cultural heritage protection and conversation.
　　2.The present situation of the exhibition
　　HYMC boasts rich heritage resources,convenient traffic conditions and advantageous location.The site itself has good exhibition environment and adequate exhibition resources.The exhibition area in the complex covers an area of 22576㎡,including No.8 burial pit in the Southern secondary burial pits,the Exhibition Hall of South-Gate Tower,Underground Museum,Archeological Exhibition Hall,Ritual Con-structions,and Si Ma Road.
　　The visitors and tourist revenues are generally on the trend of increase.Especially,after the opening of the Underground Museum in April 2006,visitors have been on the rise,and income grows rapidly as well.But the management capabilities and tourist service facilities lag behind.The increasing pressure of tourism and relic conservation brings difficulties to the management and protection of the complex.The shortage of guidance on the entire environment of the ruins,the long distance between different exhibition areas,the lack of systematic exhibition division,road,content and facilities are among the main problems the museum encountered.
　　3.The present situation of management
　　Han Yangling Museum(HYM)is the administration organization of the HYMC,which is under direct management of Shaanxi Heritage Bureau.No related regulations have been released by the museum by now.
　　4.The present situation of infrastructure construction
　　All the roads were paved with little stones since the official opening of Han Yangling Exhibition Hall On 1st,October 1999,which can keep the natural environment of the complex,but at the same time brings inconvenience to the visitors because of the dust brought by passing cars.The main entrance of the museum was built next to the expressway,which is dangerous for hiking visitors.The sign of the museum entrance is not distinctive.The roads in the complex lack reasonable design and the emergency exits are inadequate.
　　HYM water supply and drainage systems are mainly relied on well water and underground seepage pits,both of which are bad for heritage protection.The unstable power supply exclusively from Gaoling County can not meet developing requests.The lounges,toilets,telephone booths,dustbins,electric bus linking different spots,loud speakers and lighting facilities can't meet the visitors' needs.
　　5.The present situation of research fruits
　　Archeological research is basically finished.However,as far as the tomb system,entire layout,history chronology and heritage protections are concerned,the research fruits are inadequate.The profes-sional management personnel,the heritage storage rooms and offices are in great shortage.
　　Ⅲ.Analysis on Archeological Site Damage and Destroy Factors
　　1.Phenomena concerning site damages
　　①Destroy:robbery,construction and agriculture result in direct devastating destroy.
　　②Erosion:the site surface exposed to open air will be easily destroyed by rain and wind.
　　③Leveling off:most of the standing buildings were tumbled down by both natural factors and man-power,only the base left.The mounds collapsed and deformed.
　　④Cracks:the remove of soil,the changes of temperature and humidity could result in cracks of different size,depth and direction.The secondary burial pits and drainage ditch are in such situations.
　　⑤Peeling and Collapsing:the result may bring by two factors,one is the partly instability,peeling,collapsing as the result of robbery activities;the other is when the cracks and fractures reach a certain degree,peeling and collapsing may occurs.
　　⑥Occupying:unreasonable city and road construction occupy the ruins.
　　⑦Denudation:as the result of such physical changes as temperature and humidity or of chemical in-fluences,the relics get rusty,its color is fading and peeling.
　　⑧Decaying:organic relics,such as lacquer wares,textiles,grains or bones have decayed.
　　2.Deteriorating Elements
　　Analyzing from the present situations of the ruins and relics in HYMC,the main reasons of deterioration go as follows:
　　①Wind erosion,rain invasion,water melting,the changeable temperature and humidity are the most common damages encountered by earthen ruins and relics.
　　②Tomb robbery,the mausoleum complex has been robbed for several times from Han dynasty till now.
　　③Farmland leveling.To facilitate cultivation,many lands have been leveled by farmers,resulting in serious damages to the ruins and the disappearance of mounds and construction base.
　　④Irrigation and farmland.The main damages towards the ruins were caused by blushing and silt-piling of irrigation water.Especially the South Branch Channels,which bypass the main protection area of tomb,threatening the safety of the ruins.
　　⑤Infrastructure construction.The Airport expressway across the mausoleum from west to east cut the whole complex with abundance of relics and ruins into northern and southern pans;the railway from Xi'an to Hancheng City bypasses the mausoleum from north to south,destroys and cuts the Sima Road;the ex-pressway from Xi'an City to Sanyuan County spans the mausoleum from north to south,dividing the mau-soleum into east and west part;the construction of Jing River Industrial District and some villages occupies many lands of the satellite tombs and Yangling Mausoleum Town,resulting in massive damages.
　　Ⅳ.Program Contents
　　1.Principles
　　①Fully implement the principle of“effective protection,rational utilization,intense management”.
　　②Maintain the integrity of the original sites and its original historical environment;preserve the auth-enticity and sustainability of the sites.
　　③Combine the protection of tangible cultural heritage with intangible ones.
　　④Abide by the people-oriented guidelines,focusing on the increasing development demands of the people to create the optimum visiting environment.
　　⑤The Principle of combing the near task with the future ones.taking all the development stages into consideration,assuring the relative integrity and sustainability of every development and implementing stage to maintain the flexibility and elasticity of the project.
　　2.Target
　　①Establish a large heritage museum in HYMC with an optimum environment and equip it with necess-ary management,protection and service facilities for the permanent heritage preservation.
　　②Under the premise of heritage protection,we should fully interpret the historical and cultural sig-nificances of the heritage to the public through rational presentation and active scientific research.
　　③Promote relevant academic research,acquiring the social and economic benefits corresponding with the values of the heritage.
　　3.Tactics
　　①Protection tactic:starting from the real problems HYMC faced,following the guidelines of scientific protection techniques,classifying the present protection situations of different site to realize the best protec-tion and exhibition effect and minimum loses.
　　②Environmental planning:under the premise of preserving the unique characteristics of the site,that is the original environment of the mausoleum,propose a rational eco-environmental protection measures.
　　③Protection and utilization:based on the unique cultural characteristics and natural environment of heritage and unearthed relics in HYMC,rationally stipulate the exhibition system and contents and stan-dardize the protection and utilization works.
　　④Research tactics:on the basis of fully probing into the previous studies,we propose the framework for future plan.
　　⑤Guarantee systems:improve the stipulations of the security system and strengthen the management functions.
　　4.Content
　　①Conversation zone
　　On the basis of announced conversation zone,scientifically define the protection area and the functions of each zone and stipulate the management demands.Clearly set the boundary marks and signs with the size no smaller than 50-100m,which must be established at every corner of the complex.
　　②Security measures
　　a.fence and wall protection:setting a standard defending wall(12137.22m long and 2m high).The formation of the wall should be in accordance with the overall environment.The quality of the wall should meet the demand of safe strength,open perspective,simple designs and harmonious color.
　　b.ground protection:the drainage systems in the site-intensive area must be systematically designed to protect the site surface from the brushing of rain and other water resources.
　　c.underground protection:protect the underground remains and limit the depth of soil disturbance.Define the plant species of the protection area,demanding that the root depth of the plantation should be within 50cm of soil-disturbance limitation.The daily detection and maintenance rules of underground heri-tage protection must be stipulated.In addition,special protection rules concerning serious problematic area must be made.
　　d.Protection of unearthed cultural relics:enhance the conservation technological research on unearthed relics to shorten the erosion speed of relics.Establish site museum and safely and effectively conserve,man-age and exhibit the movable relics.
　　e.Daily monitoring:including environment,slope stability,water creep and water condensation,succeeding,visitor capacity detections among others.The detection works should be further regularized and systematized.So all the detection project must be established on the base of analysis and a detection re-port should be formed regularly.
　　f.security and contingency plans:build a modern warning system to enhance the defending ability.Lay ground-wave detection devices on the important site to monitor the ruins 24 hours a day.
　　③Environmental plans:
　　a.environmental protection:establish waste disposal systems and forbid littering of any type of solid(liquid)waste and building of any environmental unfriendly constructions.
　　Fully implement the natural environment detection according to the environment evaluation program,including the detection of air quality,surface water,groundwater,and soil quality.
　　b.environmental remediation:remove all the present grave tombs and all the non-protective construc-tions in the HYMC and resume green vegetation belt.
　　④Utilization plans:
　　a.Partition exhibitions:
　　(1)Service area and entrance:landmark structures,parking area,information desk,medical treatment,telephone booth,toilet,free locker,tour guide and so on.
　　(2)Mausoleums area:this area mainly exhibits the structure of the HYMC,archeological findings,ground and underground tangible and intangible cultural heritage.The major exhibition area includes Em-peror's mausoleum,Empress's mausoleum,Princess's mausoleum,concubine's tombs,underground museum,enclosed wall and gate tower of the emperor and empress tombs,important construction base and so on.
　　(3)Mausoleum cultural area:sacrifice ceremony site is the major exhibition,so is the exhibition of such construction landmarks as the criminal's graveyards,southern and northern secondary burial pits and construction base.Arrange a practice area—simulated excavation in the west of mausoleum to attract visitors.Research and restore the eco-environment of the mausoleum.
　　(4)Management area:set up cultural research centre of Han Yangling heritage.Improve the facilities of the offices and the heritage storage area.The exhibition should rely on modern technologies.The value of the HYMC should be showcased to the visitors through sound,light,electricity.
　　b.Visiting road:
　　Parking lots——entrance landmark(stone gate tower)——sight-seeing bus service center——Si Ma road——ticket gate——Empress' mausoleum——Emperor's mausoleum——underground museum——eco-environment park——comprehensive museum——concubine's tombs——princess' mausoleum——criminal's graveyards——simulated excavation base——construction ruins sacrifice construction site
　　——archaeological exhibition hall——bridge(exit).
　　c.capacity control:
　　Set a control gate at the entrance of the underground museum.Suppose there are 900 visitors staying for 40 minutes each time every day,8 hours a day,the daily maximum capacity should be around 10800 people.According to the daily maximum capacity and the climate conditions comfortable for travel,and resort to the capacity control level of similar tomb exhibition in china,the maximum capacity control figures should be around 2592000 people.
　　⑤Management plans:
　　a.management institute:set up an unified monitoring management system in HYM,namely the Heritage Management center with standard system,staff,position.Strengthen the expert team,improve the establishment of heritage records,heritage protection and presentation skills,information spreading speed and research ability and maintain the professional and technical personnel at 50%.
　　b.security:every partition area should be guarded by security staff whole day long.The daily inspection should be maintained at 4 times a day and the regular comprehensive inspections should be guaranteed at 2 times per week during peak season and 1 time a week during the low season.For the heritage outside the exhibition area,daily inspection should be made according to specific situations.
　　c.transportation:every important visiting places are connected by the electric bus.All the transport vehicles should be under unified management.Museum vehicles should drive on the uniquely-arranged road and aren't permitted to enter other areas except on emergency situations.
　　d.business management:any types of private stalls,unauthorized business,private transportation services and profit-making photographic stalls are strictly prohibited.
　　⑥Infrastructure reconstruction
　　a.Road adjustment:
　　Based on the features of HYM,we should arrange a closed visiting tour road combining entrance,mau-soleum area,cultural area,construction base site,and major visiting spots.Remove those useless roads,and resume the natural green belt.
　　The main and secondary roads,measuring about 4m and 7m wide respectively with additional three-meter-wide pedestrian,compose a major network and meet the fire-fighting demands.The main entrance should be arranged in the east next to the Xi Tong Expressway,and another entrance need to be arranged in the south for emergency and construction purposes.
　　The transportation means in the protection area should be based on walking,battery bus and bicycle and meet the demands of archaeology,management and tourist service.
　　b.Water management:
　　Drinkable water and fire-fighting supply should be linked to the museum separately through city water supply system.
　　Rain water should dispose to the Wei River and nearby grass land.The daily waste water should dis-charge to the two septic tanks which measure 15 cubic meters.And the recycled waste water should meet the state standard before it could be drained to the city supply system.
　　c.Power supply system:
　　The power and daily lighting should be relied mainly on present grid to ensure the heritage areas supply.The future plan is linking the museum with the city grid through two circuits,and all the lines should be buried underground.
　　The network within the site and wireless communication tower should be buried underground without destroy the mausoleum landscape.
　　d.Fire fighting facilities:
　　In the short terms,fire-fighting water pool should be established and the improvement of fire fighting equipment,staff and rules are seriously needed.In the long run,build a full-time fire-fighting station and install the lighting protection devices on relevant structures.
　　⑦Archeological research plans:
　　a.Archeological program:
　　At present,archeological works will focus on the surveys and explorations of the surrounding areas.Based on present situations,we should do our best to locate each tomb in the HYMC,learn the situation of underground site and improve the mapping drawings to provide detailed professional evidence for the heri-tage protection and exhibition project.
　　b.Research program:
　　Our current research work should be primarily focus on the archeological research,including arranging and publishing the excavation report,systematically rearrange the archeological fruits and reports to guide the following archaeological and research works,stage basic research on the history background,archeol-ogical data,mausoleum structure,construction scale,etiquette system to provide further research basis for the understanding of the heritage value,characteristics and structures of the HYMC.Launch research on cultural heritage conversation concerning preservation of environment,monitoring technology,envi-ronmental simulation preservation and so on and develop the academic communication on HYMC and on rel-evant issues to deepen the research on cultural site value.
　　V.Conclusion
　　Based on the thorough research and analysis of the present situations of the heritage site,this program scientifically divides the protection areas and stipulates the protection,environmental,utilization,man-agement plans,as well as infrastructure reconstruction and archeological research plan to maintain the heri-tage authenticity,integrity and sustainability in HYMC.This program follows principles of systematic plan-ning and step-by-step implementation,making the whole plans scientific,feasible and forward-thinking,which absolutely conform to the planning demands of the cultural heritage designated under national protec-tion.Meanwhile,under the premise of well conservation,we took the tourism development needs into consideration which in accordance with the principle of“the protection of the cultural heritage resources is the top prioritywhile rationally utilization is needed”.

汉阳陵·比萨：文化遗产的原址保护与考古博物馆