西汉帝陵

　　茂陵博物馆的馆藏文物，主要来源于茂陵周围的广大村民，纯属茂陵区域内出土。
　　1956年，茂陵文物保管所刚成立，只有大型石刻9件，无任何馆藏文物。
　　1961年3月，国务院公布茂陵、霍去病墓为第一批全国重点文物保护单位，茂陵文物保管所占地面积3600平方米，管理人员一人。
　　1977年以来，人民政府多次制订颁布保护文物措施、方针、政策和文物保护暂行条例，国家颁布了《中华人民共和国文物保护法》。茂陵文物保管所，根据文物保护法，积极行动，深入农村、工厂、机关、学校，宣传国家文物政策、法令，多方努力，广泛收集散失文物。提高人民群众对文物的认识，使“保护文物，人人有责，爱护文物光荣”的观念深入人心，家喻户晓。茂陵周围群众掀起了交献文物的热潮。
　　1979年12月，茂陵文物保管所晋升为茂陵博物馆。为了防止文物流失，组织、动员群众，依靠群众保护文物，在茂陵附近建立文物保护组织，截止目前共有文保小组58个，文保员298人。形成了群众性文物保护网。群众交献文物的积极性更为高涨。仅举三例说明：
　　1．1980年10月，兴平县西吴乡齐家坡村文保小组成员巨纯玉老汉，是一位保护文物的热心人。本村村民张鼓鼓在自家庄基地挖土，发现文物，他得知后立即跑去保护现场，并及时报告茂陵博物馆，还协助清理出有价值的西汉铜鼎、铜钫、铜镜、五铢钱等15种33件文物。
　　2．1981年3月，兴平县南位乡东陈阡村村民姜会杰在家里挖窑洞时，发现古墓，清理出土的文物有空心砖、陶罐等43件，同妻子、孩子用牛车往返十多里路，将文物交给茂陵博物馆。
　　3．早在20世纪70年代，兴平县西吴乡窦马村党支部书记、全国劳动模范许敬章带领该村村民保护文物，并向全县人民发出了保护文物倡议书：“发现文物不能拿回家，不要报酬交国家”的豪言壮语。文保小组组长赵富学，副组长许德福，非常爱护文物，他们在任职八年当中，经常向群众宣传把收藏的文物交献国家，在群众中产生了强烈的反响。1981年5月，该村村民高均田等六名同志在茂陵陪葬区阳信墓南平整土地时发现鎏金铜马立即报告茂陵博物馆，进行发掘清理，出土珍贵文物236件。这批文物品味之高、工艺之精，令考古学家感叹不已，经国家文物局专家组鉴定：国宝文物2件，国家一、二、三级文物64件。茂陵博物馆与周围群众建立了深厚的鱼水之情，群众交献文物、保护文物功不可没。
　　随着我国改革开放30年的快速发展，目前茂陵博物馆已拥有馆藏文物5021多件，大体可分为9个品系，以及大量的、各种各样的、难以归类的孤品珍宝。
　　The relics kept by the Maoling Mausoleum Museum come mostly from villagers living in the vicinity of Maoling,where their discovery of relics was made and the relics were unearthed.
　　When the Maoling Cultural Relics Office was set up in 1956,there were only 9 pieces of huge stone sculptures,without any single piece of relics kept by the museum.
　　In March,1961,the State Council publicized the Maoling Mausoleum and the Tomb of Huo Qubing on 1st batch list of the nation for key cultural relics under state protection.The Maoling Cultural Relics Office took up an area of 3600 square meters.Since 1977,the people's government has mapped out measures and policies to protect relics.Accordingly,the Maoling Cultural Relics Office has made consistent efforts to enhance people's awareness of cultural relics by organizing and mobilizing them into conscientious actions in relics protection.
　　In December,1979,the Maoling Cultural Relics Office was upgraded to the Maoling Mausoleum Museum.More people have joined in relics protection activities organized by the museum.Fifty-eight groups engaged in such activities have been established.The following examples show people's initiative and enthusiasm to hand over relics they happened to have discovered.
　　1.In October 1980,a local villager,when digging on land at his household base,discovered 33 pieces of relics in 15 categories including bronze tripods,bronze vessels of wine container,bronze mirrors and Wuzhu coins,all belonging to the Western Han Dynasty(206 B.C.-25 A.D.).The news was reported to the museum.
　　2.In March 1981,a local villager,when digging a cave dwelling,discovered an ancient tomb,where were unearthed 43 pieces of relics in 15 categories including hollow bricks and pottery jars.He drove an ox cart over a long distance and handed the relics over to the museum.
　　3.In May 1981,discovery of Gold-gilt Bronze Horse was made south to the Tomb of Princess Yangxin,Senior at the Maoling Mausoleum Area when villagers were leveling land.The discovery was immediately reported to the museum.After excavation,the unearthed relics totaled up to 236 pieces.The relics,possessing high value of appreciation and superb level of craftsmanship,shocked archaeologists.Examined by experts from the State Relics Bureau,two pieces of the relics rank state treasures and 64 pieces belong to Al,A2 and A3 class of the state respectively.
　　With the rapid development of China's opening-up over 30 years,the Maoling Mausoleum Museum has so far collected 5021 pieces of cultural relics in 9 categories,apart from treasures and only existing relics.
　　壹 鎏金银器
　　Gold-gilt Silver Wares
　　鎏金是一种高级金属镀涂技术，在中国应用很早，可以上溯到春秋、战国时代。到了西汉时已基本掌握了鎏金技术，得到普遍而广泛的应用。错金银技术应为鎏金银技术的一种。
　　中国古代的鎏金技术，多用“泥金法”。文献记载：“‘水银’能融解金银使成泥，人用以镀物也。”其方法是将金箔剪成碎片，掺入水银加热，使成稠泥状的金汞齐(齐：合金)。再将其与盐矾的混合液涂抹镀物，经加温、捶打、烘烤、压磨后，即成金光闪闪的鎏金。
　　1981年5月在茂陵陪葬区阳信墓南，群众与文物工作者发现清理出土的鎏金铜马、鎏金银高擎竹节熏炉，这是两件颇具特色的珍贵文物，是西汉时期皇室、诸侯王府、贵族的遗物，被誉为工艺精湛、造型绮丽、风格雄健、质朴浑厚的中华瑰宝，驰名中外。工匠们在这两件鎏金器上，倾注了全部的智慧和才能。镀涂、锻、刻、铆、磨、锤等工艺技术都达到了很高的水平，创造出精美的珍品，反映了汉代工艺的发达和技术的成熟，也再现了贵族的豪华奢侈。
　　A Gold-gilt Silver Wares
　　Gilt in gold is of high technology applied to metal coating.Its application in China dated back to the Spring and Autumn Period(770-476 B.C.)and the Warring States Period(475-221 B.C.).The technology was basically mastered in the Western Han(206 B.C.-25 A.D.).
　　As was recorded in document data,mercury dissolves silver and gold.The method is to shear gold film into scraps,mix mercury and get it heated until it becomes alloy.Then,the mixed liquid of the alloy added with salt and alumina is coated on articles,which,coated in gold,glitter through heating,beating,baking and polishing.
　　In May,1981,discovery of Gold-gilt Bronze Horse and Gold and Silver-gilt Fumigator on Bamboo-shaped Supporter was made south to the Tomb of Princess Yangxin,Senior at the Maoling Mausoleum Area.The unearthed relics belonged to the people of imperial lineage and aristocratic nobles in the Western Han Dynasty.They possess superb craftsmanship,exquisite shaping,vigorous style and majestic momentum.They deserve being called gems of China that enjoy fame at home and abroad.They reflect high level of technology in coating,forging,engraving,riveting,polishing and hammering on part of the craftsmen,who contributed their wisdom and talents to perfect production of the treasures.

茂陵文物鉴赏图志/王志杰著．—西安：三秦出版社，2012.